From USNews.com:

The saying “You’re only as old as you feel” really seems to resonate with older adults, according to research from Purdue University.

“How old you are matters, but beyond that it’s your interpretation that has far-reaching implications for the process of aging,” said Markus H. Schafer, a doctoral student in sociology and gerontology who led the study. “So, if you feel old beyond your own chronological years you are probably going to experience a lot of the downsides that we associate with aging.

“But if you are older and maintain a sense of being younger, then that gives you an edge in maintaining a lot of the abilities you prize.”

Schafer and co-author Tetyana P. Shippee, a Purdue graduate who is a research associate at Purdue’s Center on Aging and the Life Course, compared people’s chronological age and their subjective age to determine which one has a greater influence on cognitive abilities during older adulthood. Nearly 500 people ages 55-74 were surveyed about aging in 1995 and 2005 as part of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States.

In 1995, when people were asked what age do you feel most of the time, the majority identified with being 12 years younger than they actually were.

“We found that these people who felt young for their age were more likely to have greater confidence about their cognitive abilities a decade later,” Schafer said. “Yes, chronological age was important, but the subjective age had a stronger effect.

“What we are not sure about is what comes first. Does a person’s wellness and happiness affect their cognitive abilities or does a person’s cognitive ability contribute to their sense of wellness. We are planning to address this in a future study.”

Schafer also said that the current study’s findings have both positive and negative implications.

“There is a tremendous emphasis on being youthful in our society and that can have a negative effect for people,” Schafer said. “People want to feel younger, and so when they do inevitably age they can lose a lot of confidence in their cognitive abilities.

“But on the other hand, because there is such a desire in America to stay young, there may be benefits of trying to maintain a sense of youthfulness by keeping up with new trends and activities that feel invigorating. Learning new technologies is one way people can continue to improve their cognitive abilities. It will be interesting to see how, or if, these cultural norms shift as the Baby Boomer generation ages.”

Other studies have shown that women are prone to aging stereotypes, so Schafer expected to see that women who felt older about themselves would have less confidence in their cognitive abilities.

“There is a slight difference between men and women, but it’s not as pronounced as we expected,” Schafer said. “This was surprising because of the emphasis on physical attractiveness and youth that is often disproportionately placed on women.”

Schafer also is studying how stressful events, such as family members’ health issues, affect aging, as well as how happiness and aging relate

From USAToday:

It sounds almost too good to be true: a health care plan with no limits, no deductibles, free medicines, tests, X-rays, eyeglasses, even dental work — all for a flat fee of $250 or less a year.
To get it, you just have to move to Mexico.

As the United States debates an overhaul of its health care system, thousands of American retirees in Mexico have quietly found a solution of their own, signing up for the health care plan run by the Mexican Social Security Institute.

The system has flaws, the facilities aren’t cutting-edge, and the deal may not last long because the Mexican government said in a recent report that it is “notorious” for losing money. But for now, retirees say they’re getting a bargain.

“It was one of the primary reasons I moved here,” said Judy Harvey of Prescott Valley, who now lives in Alamos, Sonora. “I couldn’t afford health care in the United States. … To me, this is the best system that there is.”

It’s unclear how many Americans use IMSS, but with between 40,000 and 80,000 U.S. retirees living in Mexico, the number probably runs “well into the thousands,” said David Warner, a public policy professor at the University of Texas.

“They take very good care of us,” said Jessica Moyal, 59, of Hollywood, Fla., who now lives in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, a popular retirement enclave for Americans.

The IMSS plan is primarily designed to support Mexican taxpayers who have been paying into the system for decades, and officials say they don’t want to be overrun by bargain-hunting foreigners.

“If they started flooding down here for this, it wouldn’t be sustainable,” said Javier Lopez Ortiz, IMSS director in San Miguel de Allende.

Pre-existing conditions aren’t covered for the first two years, and some newer medicines and implants are not free. IMSS hospitals don’t have frills such as televisions or in-room phones, and they often require patients to bring family members to help with bathing and other non-medical tasks. Most doctors and nurses speak only Spanish, and Mexico’s overloaded court system doesn’t provide much recourse if something goes wrong.

But the medical care doesn’t cost a dime after paying the annual fee, and it is usually good, retirees and health experts say. Warner said most American retirees enroll in IMSS as a form of cheap insurance against medical emergencies, while using private doctors or traveling back to the USA for less urgent care. Medicare, the U.S. insurance plan for retirees, cannot be used outside the United States.

Program prompts relocation

The program has helped people such as Ron and Jemmy Miller of Shawano, Wis. They decided to retire early, but knew affording health care was going to be a problem.

Ron was a self-employed contractor, and Jemmy was a loan officer at a bank. At ages 61 and 52, respectively, they were too young to qualify for Medicare, but too old to risk not having health insurance.

“We knew that we couldn’t retire without Medicare,” Jemmy Miller said. “We’re pretty much in Mexico now because we can’t afford health care in the States.”

The couple learned about IMSS from Mexico guidebooks and the Internet. They moved to the central city of Irapuato in 2006, got residency visas as foreign retirees, and then enrolled in IMSS.

The IMSS system is similar to an HMO in the United States, Jemmy Miller said. Patients are assigned a primary care physician and given a passport-size ID booklet that includes records of appointments. The doctor can refer patients to specialists, a bigger hospital or one of the IMSS specialty hospitals in cities such as Guadalajara or Mexico City.

In 2007, Ron Miller got appendicitis and had emergency surgery at the local IMSS hospital. He was in the hospital for about a week and had a double room to himself. The food was good, the nurses were attentive, and doctors stopped by three or four times a day to check on him, he said. At the end of it all, there was no bill, just an entry in the ID booklet.

The Millers may soon move back to the United States, but Jemmy Miller said they want to try to maintain the IMSS coverage. “If something big really comes up, we’d probably come back to Mexico,” she said.

Different levels of care offered

IMSS is one of several public health systems in Mexico, each with its own network of hospitals and clinics. The program, which was founded in 1943, is funded by a combination of payroll deductions, employer contributions and government funds. It covers 50.8 million workers.

IMSS facilities are a step up from the state hospitals, but not as advanced as Mexico’s private hospitals, which are often world-class, said Curtis Page, a Tempe, Ariz., doctor and co-author of a book about health care in Mexico.

Most patients seem grateful nonetheless. When Michael Kirkpatrick, 63, of Austin, fell off his motorcycle near his home in San Miguel de Allende, IMSS surgeons gave him a stainless-steel artificial hip.

There was no physical rehabilitation after the surgery, just a checkup a few weeks later.

“There was not the kind of follow-through and therapy that you would expect if you were doing this in the first world,” Kirkpatrick said. “But it was satisfactory. The hip feels good.”

Bob Story, 75, of St. Louis, had prostate-reduction surgery at an IMSS hospital in Mazatlán and discovered that patients were expected to bring their own pillows. It was a small price to pay, he said, for a surgery that would have cost thousands of dollars back home.

“I would say it’s better than any health plan I’ve had in the States,” he said

Studies point to benefits in a drink a day, but many caveats remain

From ChicagoTribune.com:

Seniors may help ward off dementia by indulging in a beer or a glass of wine daily, new studies suggest.

But there’s an important caveat: The findings apply to healthy people, not those with mild cognitive impairments or other chronic medical conditions.

The studies add to scientific literature documenting potential health benefits associated with moderate alcohol consumption. For seniors, benefits include a reduced risk of dementia, heart disease, diabetes, disability and stroke.

It’s well known that moderate drinkers tend to get more exercise, weigh less and be healthier overall. Though researchers try to adjust for those and other differences they may fail to do so sufficiently, said Dr. Alison Moore, assistant professor of medicine and psychiatry at UCLA’s David Geffen School of Medicine.

The newest research comes out of Wake Forest University and was presented this summer at the International Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease in Vienna. The report looked at people 75 and older who had 8 to 14 drinks a week. Those without memory problems at the start of the six-year study were 37 percent less likely to develop dementia than people who didn’t drink at all.

What could account for the result? Research suggests that moderate alcohol consumption prevents heart disease and perhaps stroke as well by keeping blood clots from forming, raising so-called “good” cholesterol, and making blood less viscous.

“Things that are good for your heart are good for your brain,” said lead researcher Dr. Kaycee Sink, a geriatrician at Wake Forest.

A July study in The American Journal of Psychiatry confirms the positive finding. It analyzed 15 previous studies involving more than 28,000 individuals over the age of 60 and discovered that men who drank moderately were 45 percent less likely to develop dementia. For women, the reduction in risk was 27 percent.

But those beneficial effects don’t apply to everyone. In the Wake Forest study, older adults with mild cognitive impairments fared worse when they consumed any amount of alcohol. Also, heavy drinkers were almost twice as likely to develop dementia.

These exceptions don’t come as a surprise. Alcohol is known to have a sedative effect, potentially impairing a senior’s mental status, balance and coordination and heightening an older adult’s confusion and susceptibility to falls and accidents, experts note.

Also, alcohol interacts poorly with many medications routinely taken by older people, sometimes lessening their effectiveness. A higher risk of some kinds of cancer is also associated with alcohol, complicating the calculation of potential benefits versus harm. Then, there’s the potential for addiction: As many as 11 percent of seniors admitted to hospitals exhibit symptoms of alcoholism, according to government data.

Biologically, seniors metabolize alcohol more slowly than younger adults and have less tolerance to liquor. Given the same number of drinks, an older adult will have higher blood alcohol levels than someone who’s middle-age, according to Samir Zakhari, director of the division of metabolism and health effects at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

On a practical level, that means seniors need to be more careful after having a drink or two, said Sarah Jo Nixon, chief of the division of addiction research at the University of Florida. Older adults should wait at least an hour before driving, she said.

Recommendations call for older men to have no more than two drinks a day and for older women to have no more than one drink a day — if they already have the habit. It doesn’t make sense for seniors to start drinking if they’ve abstained during middle age, in part because it probably takes many years for potential benefits to accrue, experts say.

“Basic clinical advice is, ‘If you don’t drink, don’t start, and if you do drink, watch how much you drink,’ ” said Dr. Gary Kennedy, director of geriatric psychiatry at Montefiore Medical Center in New York.

From NutraIngredients-USA.com:

The cells of regular tea drinkers may have a younger biological age than cells from non-drinkers, according to new research from China.

Researchers from the Chinese University of Hong Kong looked at the length of telomeres, DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes that shorten as cells replicate and age.

The ageing and lifespan of normal, healthy cells are linked to the so-called telomerase shortening mechanism, which limits cells to a fixed number of divisions. During cell replication, the telomeres function by ensuring the cell’s chromosomes do not fuse with each other or rearrange, which can lead to cancer. Elizabeth Blackburn, a telomere pioneer at the University of California San Francisco, likened telomeres to the ends of shoelaces, without which the lace would unravel.

With each replication the telomeres shorten, and when the telomeres are totally consumed, the cells are destroyed (apoptosis). Previous studies have also reported that telomeres are highly susceptible to oxidative stress. Some experts have noted that telomere length may be a marker of biological ageing.

“The antioxidative properties of tea and its constituent nutrients may protect telomeres from oxidative damage in the normal ageing process,” wrote the authors in the British Journal of Nutrition.

The Hong Kong-based researchers, led by Ruth Chan, noted that the telomeres of people who drank an average of three cups of tea per day were about 4.6 kilobases longer than people who drank an average of a quarter of a cup a day.

This average difference in the telomere length corresponds to “approximately a difference of 5 years of life”, wrote the researchers, led by Ruth Chan.

Dr Chan told NutraIngredients that “Chinese tea” in their study refers to both black and green tea, but added: “Our data showed that majority of Chinese tea consumed by our subjects were of green tea”.

Tea break

Green tea contains between 30 and 40 per cent of water-extractable polyphenols, while black tea (green tea that has been oxidized by fermentation) contains between 3 and 10 per cent.

The four primary polyphenols found in fresh tealeaves are epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin.

Study details

The study’s findings are based on the telomere lengths of 976 Chinese men and 1,030 Chinese women aged over 65. The participants’ dietary habits were evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire.

Overall, only tea consumption was associated with telomere length. The highest intakes, three cups or 750 millilitres per day, was associated with significantly longer telomere lengths, compared to people who drank 70 millilitres per day or less, said the researchers.

Multivitamins, too?

Recently, researchers from the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences reported that telomere length was longer in regular multivitamin users in their cohort of 586 women aged between 35 and 74.

Writing in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the US-based researchers noted that theirs was the “first epidemiologic study of multivitamin use and telomere length.

“Regular multivitamin users tend to follow a healthy lifestyle and have a higher intake of micronutrients, which sometimes makes it difficult to interpret epidemiologic observations on multivitamin use,” they said.

Source: British Journal of Nutrition

From USAToday.com:

Keishawn Williams is already talking to her baby, although her child isn’t due until November.
“What are you doing?” asks Williams, 22. “Are you awake? Are you asleep? Why are you sitting on my bladder?”

Although Williams may not realize it, her body and baby are also conducting a separate, even more important conversation that may influence her child’s health for the rest of its life. Although neither mother nor child is aware of this crucial dialogue, Williams’ body already is telling her baby about what to expect from the world outside, says Mark Hanson, a professor at the University of Southampton in England.

And thanks to those biological signals, the choices that Williams makes today — by getting good prenatal care, eating nutrient-packed vegetables and avoiding alcohol, tobacco and caffeine — may help her baby long after birth, Hanson says. Research into the “developmental origins of adult disease” suggests that Williams’ healthy living may help her child avoid problems such as cancer, heart disease, depression and diabetes not just in childhood, but 50 years from now.

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Though adults still need to eat right and exercise, a growing number of studies now suggest the best time to fight the diseases of aging may be before babies are even born, says Peter Gluckman of the University of Auckland in New Zealand.

Williams’ baby is still too young to kick, let alone ponder its future. But its body is already adapting and preparing for its specific environment, Gluckman says, by reading cues sent through Williams’ blood and amniotic fluid.

“Every baby in fetal life is adjusting its pattern of development according to the world it predicts it will live in,” he says.

Reading cues while in utero

During the crucial “window of opportunity” before birth and during infancy, environmental cues help “program” a person’s DNA, says Alexander Jones of Great Ormond Street Hospital in London and the University College of London Institute for Child Health. This happens through a delicate interplay of genes and the environment called epigenetics, which can determine how a baby reacts for the rest of its life, Jones says.

Through epigenetics, chemical groups attach to DNA. Although they don’t change the order of the genes, the chemical groups can switch those genes on or off, Jones says.

Many things, such as chemical contaminants, can cause epigenetic changes. So babies exposed in the womb to synthetic hormones may begin responding abnormally to the natural hormones later made by their own bodies, says Hugh Taylor of Yale University School of Medicine.

That’s why, doctors believe, many babies exposed before birth to a drug called DES, or diethylstilbestrol, later developed rare cancers or fertility problems, Taylor says.

Doctors stopped prescribing DES, which had been used for decades to prevent miscarriages, in 1971. But Taylor and other scientists are concerned that “hormone-disrupting” chemicals, such as those used in pesticides and even common plastics, could cause similar problems.

Babies and children also can develop abnormal reactions to stress, says Jack Shonkoff of Harvard University, co-author of a June paper on early influences in health in The Journal of the American Medical Association.

In the short term, reacting to typical, everyday difficulties can help people develop a healthy response to stress.

But persistent, “toxic” stress — such as neglect or extreme poverty — may program a child’s nervous system to be on perpetual high alert. Over time, this can damage the immune response and lead to chronic ailments, such as heart disease and depression, the study says.

Diet as a predictor

A pregnant woman’s diet tells a fetus a lot about its future environment, including how much food will be available after birth, Jones says.

A baby conceived during a famine, for example, might learn to be “thrifty,” hoarding every calorie and packing on fat rather than muscle, even at the expense of developing vital organs, such as the kidneys, liver and brain. Because of a lack of calories, the baby also may be born small.

In a famine, those early adjustments and predictions about the future could mean the difference between survival and starvation, Jones says.

But babies may run into trouble if the world doesn’t match their predictions, Jones says.

A baby who has learned to hoard calories, for example, may grow up to be fat or diabetic once he or she finally gets enough to eat, Jones says. Doctors believe this occurs not just with babies whose mothers are starving, but with those who are malnourished because of a mother’s medical problems, poor nutrition or exposure to tobacco smoke, which damages the placenta.

It’s well known, Taylor says, that women who smoke are more likely to have low-birth-weight babies, who are in some ways “starved” for nutrients in the womb. Babies born too small are at risk for many immediate problems, such as underdeveloped lungs and bleeding in the brain.

If they survive, these youngsters also face long-term risks.

Studies show that small babies who gain weight rapidly in infancy or childhood — a sign that bodies are already making the most of every calorie — also have higher rates of adult heart disease and diabetes, Jones says.

Specialized X-rays have shown babies of young mothers with poor diets in India, for example, are born with extra belly fat, even though they seem to be a normal weight. Once these babies start getting an adequate diet, they are likely to put on weight, Gluckman says.

“Even by the time of birth, they’re on a different pattern of development,” Gluckman says.

Teaching future mothers

Adversity in early life can increase a child’s risk of disease, but it doesn’t seal his or her fate, Shonkoff says.

Although emotional abuse in childhood increases the risk of adult depression, for example, supportive relationships with adults can help children cope and recover, Shonkoff says.

Communities also can help, Gluckman says. By helping women such as Williams get good prenatal care and nutrition, for example, communities can reduce the number of fetuses who are malnourished and born small, Gluckman says. Babies who are born at normal weight are more likely to maintain that healthy weight.

Because half of pregnancies are unplanned, women need to learn about nutrition — and maintain healthy diets — long before they conceive, Gluckman says.

“We have got to give far greater focus to mothers, the women who are likely to become mothers and to the care of newborn children than we have in the past,” Gluckman says.

Williams, who also has a 1-year-old son and 5-year-old daughter, says she’s trying hard to give her children a bright future. She breast-fed both and now works as a breast-feeding peer counselor at the Family Health and Birth Center in Washington, D.C., where many patients are low-income or minority mothers.

The birth center also aims to help babies by getting their moms good prenatal care.

About 6% of black mothers who delivered at the birth center had low-birth-weight babies, compared with the citywide average of 14.2% for black mothers, says the center’s Ruth Watson Lubic.

“Twentieth-century medicine dealt with child health and adult health separately,” Shonkoff says. “What 21st-century medicine is telling us is that if we want to change adult health, we have to look in babies, even before they’re born.”